By Dady Chery. 1988 (September 11): Event known as the “massacre de Saint-Jean Bosco.” Under General Namphy’s rule, unidentified armed men (probably former macoutes) killed at least 13 individuals (and wounded 80 more) inside the Saint-Jean Bosco church in Port-au-Prince, during Sunday mass. A similar role was played by the Duvalier regime’s Volunteers for National Security (VSN), popularly known as the Tonton Macoutes, an internationally infamous paramilitary force. The darkness of the “Tonton Macoutes” era may have seemed to subside upon the official dismemberment of the organization, which occurred after “Baby Doc” fled Haiti for France in 1986. According to one witness, the police and army provided protection for the attackers, encircling the church. With the passing of Duvalier in 1971, his son, Jean-Claude Duvalier, or “Baby Doc,” assumed the role of President of Haiti. Duvalier authorized more than 10,000 Tonton Macoute, organized in 500 sections across the country, to maintain complete control over the population. " Female macoute, right-hand woman of Papa Doc. Buildings, including schools, were fired upon and destroyed, people were injured and killed, with some burned alive, women were sexually assaulted and raped and hundreds were forcibly displaced from homes. As with the notorious Lasalin massacre on Nov. 13, 2018 – perpetrated by G9 leader Cherizier along with paramilitary affiliates and police officers of the regime – these more recent massacres are targeting unarmed civilians in popular neighborhoods that are bases of Lavalas opposition to the regime. The police and right-wing activists boast of their roles in the massacre. His regime was supported by the Tonton Macoute, a paramilitary force, which also served to counter the considerable power of the Haitian military. In November 1988 armed men led by a uniformed soldier … Most of the peasants killed were advocating for land reform by contesting local landowners’ claims to State-owned land. What followed was a massacre of the civilian population. The “Tonton Macoutes”: Legacy and Transformation. Often, many corpses were displayed in public as a warning to Haitians and as a display of Duvalier’s power. The massacre was carried out by unidentified armed men, probably former Tonton Macoute, and took place without resistance by police or army, despite the church being opposite a barracks. The intimidation became so extreme that the MVSN, who were rightly known as the Tonton Macoutes, began burning people alive, or stoning them to death. Madame Max Adolphe, warden of the death dungeon Fort Dimanche. For Haitian peasants July 23, 1986, will always be remembered with sadness and renewed conviction. On that day at least 139 peasants were killed in Jean-Rabel, located in the Northwest of the country, by Tonton Macoutes following orders from local landowners. English | French The peaceful territory of Haiti, which has the lowest crime rate in the Caribbean, is occupied by more than 19,627 armed personnel. Haiti Chery. Tonton Macoute brandishing machete. Specifically, at the last count on October 31, 2014, there was a domestic force of 11,228 established police and 1,144 in training, plus a United Nations force of 4,965 “peacekeeping” … Responsibility. According to Pierre-Charles (1973), the urban lumpenproletariat was the social background of most macoutes. The Tonton Macoutes, or macoutes, became an important piece of the repression apparatus of the regime, which used them to terrorize, torture and kill opponents (Diederich and Burt, 2005). Tonton Macoute (center) with soldier; fearful female street vendor. Tonton Macoute demonstration supporting Duvalier on Jan. 31, 1986.

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