[citation needed], From the 9th century, waves of Viking raiders plundered Irish monasteries and towns. Digital terrestrial television (DTTV or DTT, or DTTB with "broadcasting") is a technology for terrestrial television in which land-based (terrestrial) television stations broadcast television content by radio waves to televisions in consumers' residences in a digital format. [81] After several attempts to pass a Home Rule bill through parliament, it looked certain that one would finally pass in 1914. For example, whilst from the Middle Ages until the arrival of the potato in the 16th century the dominant feature of the Irish economy was the herding of cattle, the number of cattle a person owned was equated to their social standing. Ireland has a total area of 84,421 km2 (32,595 sq mi),[1][2][107] of which the Republic of Ireland occupies 83 percent. Lastly, the Milesians (Gaels) were said to have reached Ireland from either northern Iberia or southern Gaul. The main Gaeltacht areas are in the west, south-west and north-west. In 2008 Kenneth Egan won a silver medal in the Beijing Games. Later in the century, Charles Stewart Parnell and others campaigned for autonomy within the Union, or "Home Rule". Third, prosperity brought hedonism and materialism that undercut the ideals of saintly poverty. Immediately prior to the famine the population was recorded as 8.2 million by the 1841 census. [172] Although in the early Middle Ages the church was "quite unlike its counterpart in continental Europe",[173] there was considerable interchange between monastic settlements in Ireland and the rest of Europe that contributed to what is known as Gregorian chant. The Protestant and Catholic communities in Northern Ireland voted largely along sectarian lines, meaning that the government of Northern Ireland (elected by "first-past-the-post" from 1929) was controlled by the Ulster Unionist Party. Gaelic games are governed by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), with the exception of women's Gaelic football and camogie (women's variant of hurling), which are governed by separate organisations. There were several unsuccessful attempts to end the Troubles politically, such as the Sunningdale Agreement of 1973. The Luxembourg national football team (nicknamed the Red Lions; Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuergesch Foussballnationalequipe, French: Équipe du Luxembourg de football, German: Luxemburgische Fußballnationalmannschaft) is the national football team of Luxembourg, and is controlled by the Luxembourg Football Federation.The team plays most of its home matches at the Stade Josy Barthel in Luxembourg … Hydrocarbon exploration is ongoing following the first major find at the Kinsale Head gas field off Cork in the mid-1970s. These were a set of laws designed to prevent the assimilation of the Normans into Irish society by requiring English subjects in Ireland to speak English, follow English customs and abide by English law. For many multinationals, the decision to do business in Ireland was made easier still by generous incentives from the Industrial Development Authority. Later, Laighin tribes from Armorica (present-day Brittany) were said to have invaded Ireland and Britain more or less simultaneously. Wheat and barley were the principal crops.[23]. [192] The horse racing sector is largely concentrated in the County Kildare.[193]. Ireland's pre-Christian heritage fused with the Celtic Church following the missions of Saint Patrick in the 5th century. However, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. [10][11] In Europe, the average woodland cover is over 33%. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant. Northern Ireland resulted from the division of the United Kingdom by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, and until 1972 was a self-governing jurisdiction within the United Kingdom with its own parliament and prime minister. [201], With thousands of lakes, over 14,000 kilometres (8,700 mi) of fish-bearing rivers and over 3,700 kilometres (2,300 mi) of coastline, Ireland is a popular angling destination. In common with the rest of Europe, Ireland experienced unusually cold weather during the winter of 2010-11. [12] Some species, such as, the red fox, hedgehog and badger, are very common, whereas others, like the Irish hare, red deer and pine marten are less so. During the redevelopment of the Lansdowne Road stadium in 2007–2010, international rugby and soccer were played there. [21][36] This conclusion is supported by recent research carried out by the geneticist David Reich, who says: “British and Irish skeletons from the Bronze Age that followed the Beaker period had at most 10 percent ancestry from the first farmers of these islands, with other 90 percent from people like those associated with the Bell Beaker culture in the Netherlands.” He suggests that it was Beaker users who introduced an Indo-European language, represented here by Celtic (i.e. Simultaneously the Volunteers, which became known as the Irish Republican Army (IRA), launched a three-year guerrilla war, which ended in a truce in July 1921 (although violence continued until June 1922, mostly in Northern Ireland). The playwright and poet Oscar Wilde, noted for his epigrams, was born in Ireland. [134] 32% of Ireland's greenhouse gas emissions are correlated to agriculture. The Republic has a strong commitment to renewable energy and ranks as one of the top 10 markets for clean-technology investment in the 2014 Global Green Economy Index. Shop at our online store. It is home to hundreds of plant species, some of them unique to the island, and has been "invaded" by some grasses, such as Spartina anglica. [citation needed]. Both networks were designed and constructed independently post-partition. Gaelic football, hurling and handball are the best-known of the Irish traditional sports, collectively known as Gaelic games. New fashion, footwear and accessories collection for the Spring/Summer 2021 season. WhichBudget searches cheap flights from 339 airlines, 212 countries, 1909 airports, 146334 routes. John B. Cosgrave was a specialist in number theory and discovered a 2000-digit prime number in 1999 and a record composite Fermat number in 2003. The six counties that constitute Northern Ireland are all in the province of Ulster (which has nine counties in total). The title of King of Ireland was re-created in 1542 by Henry VIII, the then King of England, of the Tudor dynasty. The republic today ranks amongst the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita[104] and in 2015 was ranked the sixth most developed nation in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index. [109][111], The island consists of varied geological provinces. The passage of the Act in the Irish Parliament was ultimately achieved with substantial majorities, having failed on the first attempt in 1799. Across Ireland, there is significant interest in the English and, to a lesser extent, Scottish soccer leagues. This was to produce a number of notable writers, including Máirtín Ó Cadhain, Máire Mhac an tSaoi and others. Classical music following European models first developed in urban areas, in establishments of Anglo-Irish rule such as Dublin Castle, St Patrick's Cathedral and Christ Church as well as the country houses of the Anglo-Irish ascendancy, with the first performance of Handel's Messiah (1742) being among the highlights of the baroque era. [15], During the last glacial period, and until about 10,000 BC, most of Ireland was periodically covered in ice. Overall, Ireland has a mild but changeable oceanic climate with few extremes. It has been argued that they tend to be more highly educated than monolingual English speakers. ], On 1 May 1169, an expedition of Cambro-Norman knights, with an army of about 600 men, landed at Bannow Strand in present-day County Wexford. [179], George Johnstone Stoney introduced the term electron in 1891. [212] In 1953, an Irish government survey, found that 50% of whiskey drinkers in the United States had never heard of Irish whiskey.[213]. Northern Ireland qualified for the World Cup finals in 1958 (reaching the quarter-finals), 1982 and 1986 and the European Championship in 2016. Gillian O'Sullivan won silver in the 20k walk at the 2003 World Championships, while sprint hurdler Derval O'Rourke won gold at the 2006 World Indoor Championship in Moscow. There are no snakes in Ireland, and only one species of reptile (the common lizard) is native to the island. The 2016 population of the Republic of Ireland was 4,761,865 and that of Northern Ireland in 2011 was 1,810,863. [77] In the century that followed, an economic depression caused by the famine resulted in a further million people emigrating. Ireland (/ ˈ aɪər l ə n d / (); Irish: Éire [ˈeːɾʲə] (); Ulster-Scots: Airlann [ˈɑːrlən]) is an island in the North Atlantic.It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel.Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. [67] The new Anglo-Irish ruling class became known as the Protestant Ascendancy. [91] Historian R. F. Foster argues the cause was a combination of a new sense of initiative and the entry of American corporations. The traditionally high levels of religiosity have sharply declined. All of these influences can be seen today in the phenomenon of the "breakfast roll". Many of these are migratory, including the barn swallow. Many survived into late medieval times, others vanished as they became politically unimportant. Since the last quarter of the 20th century, with a re-emergence of wealth in Ireland, a "New Irish Cuisine" based on traditional ingredients incorporating international influences[207] has emerged. Ireland has made a large contribution to world literature in all its branches, both in Irish and English. Nationalists, mainly Roman Catholic, wanted to unite Ireland as an independent republic, whereas unionists, mainly Protestant, wanted Northern Ireland to remain in the United Kingdom. The population of Ireland rose rapidly from the 16th century until the mid-19th century, interrupted briefly by the Famine of 1740–41, which killed roughly two fifths of the island's population. Further south, along the County Wexford coastline, is an area of granite intrusives into more Ordovician and Silurian rocks, like that found in Wales.[112][113]. Repeated invasions and "plantations" disrupted land-ownership, and multiple failed uprisings also contributed to repeated phases of deportation and of emigration. There are also many shipwrecks along the coast of Ireland, with some of the best wreck dives being in Malin Head and off the County Cork coast. [196] The 2006 Ryder Cup was held at The K Club in County Kildare. Extinct species include the Irish elk, the great auk, brown bear and the wolf. Second, the mishandling of the pedophile scandals humiliated the Church, whose bishops seemed less concerned with the victims and more concerned with covering up for errant priests. Other groups, on both the unionist side and the nationalist side, participated in violence and a period known as the Troubles began. Police brutality is the excessive and unwarranted use of force by law enforcement.It is an extreme form of police misconduct or violence and is a civil rights violation. The Executive is jointly headed by a First Minister and deputy First Minister drawn from the unionist and nationalist parties. Substitute Robbie Brady had an immediate impact, marauding down the left wing within seconds. The island can be subdivided into two ecoregions: the Celtic broadleaf forests and North Atlantic moist mixed forests. In 1950, FIFA directed the associations only to select players from within their respective territories and, in 1953, directed that the FAI's team be known only as "Republic of Ireland" and that the IFA's team be known as "Northern Ireland" (with certain exceptions). The GDP value of Ireland represents 0.32 percent of the world economy. The oath was abolished and in 1937 a new constitution was adopted. In the Republic of Ireland, Kilkenny, seat of the Butler dynasty, while no longer a city for administrative purposes (since the 2001 Local Government Act), is entitled by law to continue to use the description. [182] The All-Ireland Football Final is the most watched event in the sporting calendar. Poetry in Irish is among the oldest vernacular poetry in Europe, with the earliest examples dating from the 6th century. The Republic of Ireland is a parliamentary democracy based on the British model, with a written constitution and a popularly elected president who has mostly ceremonial powers. The postage stamps of Ireland are issued by the postal operator of the independent Irish state.Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland when the world's first postage stamps were issued in 1840. On 27 June 2012, Northern Ireland's deputy first minister and former IRA commander, Martin McGuinness, shook hands with Queen Elizabeth II in Belfast, symbolising reconciliation between the two sides.[103]. [214] Whiskey forms the basis of traditional cream liqueurs, such as Baileys, and the "Irish coffee" (a cocktail of coffee and whiskey reputedly invented at Foynes flying-boat station) is probably the best-known Irish cocktail. Smaller groups included the aithechthúatha (see Attacotti), Cálraighe, Cíarraige, Conmaicne, Dartraighe, Déisi, Éile, Fir Bolg, Fortuatha, Gailenga, Gamanraige, Mairtine, Múscraige, Partraige, Soghain, Uaithni, Uí Maine, Uí Liatháin. There has also been significant immigration from Lithuania, Czech Republic and Latvia. English Crown control remained relatively unshaken in an amorphous foothold around Dublin known as The Pale, and under the provisions of Poynings' Law of 1494, the Irish Parliamentary legislation was subject to the approval of the English Privy Council.[62]. Dublin, with over 1 million residents in the Greater Dublin Area, is the largest city on the island. A population of over 8 million in 1841 was reduced to slightly more than 4 million by 1921. Cider, particularly Magners (marketed in the Republic of Ireland as Bulmers), is also a popular drink.

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